Communism

A political and economic ideology advocating for collective ownership of the means of production, the abolition of private property, and a classless society. Rooted in the writings of Marx and Engels, communism became the dominant governing philosophy of the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and much of Eastern Europe through the 20th century. Its legacy is deeply contested -- credited by supporters with rapid industrialization and literacy gains, condemned by critics for authoritarian governance and widespread human rights abuses. Few ideologies have shaped modern history more violently or more lastingly.

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